The Middle Ages Begin: When, Where,Why?
Main Idea: The Middle Ages began after the fall of Rome and was a result of European peoples' need for protection from attack. This led to feudalsm, less learning, and the loss of a common language.
Middle Ages--a period in Europe between the Fall of Rome (500 AD) and the Beginning of the Renaissance Rebirth of Learning (1500).
Medieval--having to do with the Middle Ages.
Dark Ages--the early part of the Middle Ages,so called because it was a time of little learning, war, and disease.
Reason for the Middle Ages--Germanic invasion, Viking attacks destroy trade and force people to move from cities to the country for survival.
Learning Declines--few other than Roman Catholic Church officials could read or write (literacy)
Loss of a Common Language--different areas of Europe began speaking their own versions of Latin. These became Romance languages and Dialects.
Dialect--a different way of speaking the same language.
The Middle Ages: Map Assignment
Using the handout given to you in class, you must label and color your map to match the map in the book on page 315. If you have a textbook (Mr. Mills' former students have one) you may use that. If you do not (Mr. Orr and Mr. Morris do not issue books), the maps below contain the information needed to complete the assignment. The top map is a physical map, showing water bodies, rivers, islands, mountains and so forth. The middle map shows major European tribes and cities at the time of Charlemagne. The bottom map shows the division of Charlemagne's kingdom in 843.
Tribes of Europe at the Time of Charlemagne (Below)
The Division of Charlemagne's Kingdom, Treaty of Verdun, 843. (Above)
Tuesday, February 26
The Franks Build an Empire!
Main Idea: A Germanic tribe called the Franks built a large empire, saved Europe from a Muslim invasion, and spread Christianity and Learning in Central Europe.
- Germanic Tribes--Tribes who lived in what is now France and Germany
- Franks---a Germanic tribe that united many smaller tribes into a large one.
- Clovis--Frankish leader who became a Christian and made all Franks Christian
- Roman Catholic Church under Clovis:
- monasteries--religious centers where monks lived and studied
- St. Benedict--wrote rules for monks
- Charles "The Hammer" Martel---Frankish leader who defeated a large Muslim army at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, saving Europe from becoming Muslim.
- Pepin the Short--Charles' son. He rescues the Pope and is anointed by the pope as King of the Franks.
- Franks become protectors of the Popes
- Charlemagne--Charles the Great
- expanded the Frankish empire
- spread Christianity
- encouraged learning and the spread of learning
- crowned emperor of Rome by the Pope
- After Charlemagne's death, Kingdom weakens.
- Treaty of Verdun---Charlemagne's large kingdom divided three ways among his grandsons, who lose it.
- If Charlemagne's heirs had been as good as he, the Middle Ages may have ended 500 years sooner.
Wednesday, February 27
Feudalism
Main Idea: Feudalism developed in Europe out of people's need for protection from invasions from Vikings, Muslims and others.
- Feudalism: the exchange (trade) of land for military service and taxes
- Lord: Landowner, usually a king or high official
- Vassal: Someone given land by the lord in exchange for military service and taxes
- Knight: a highly-trained mounted warrior who fights for a vassal
- Peasant: a farmer
- Serf: a peasant tied to the land
- Tithe: 10% of all manor earnings go to the Roman Catholic Church, maThking it very wealthy.
- Manor or Fief: Land given to a vassal by a lord.
The Feudal Pyramid
Thursday, February 28
No no notes, worked on Europe maps. Many students were gone to ISU on a Science Field Trip
Friday, March 1
Castles
Main Idea: Castles were the main line of defense in the Middle Ages and became very advanced.
- Motte and Bailey Castle: early castle with wooden stockade, moat and an inner keep on a hill.
Moat: a trench around the outer wall of a castle
Curtain: another name for the castle wall
Chapel: the church in the castle
Gate Tower: heavily-fortified entrance to the castle
Great Hall: the largest room, where the occupants ate, entertained, and many of the lower residents slept.
Crennelation: the zig-zag teeth on top of the castle walls used to protect those inside
Arrow Loops: allowed archers to shoot through the wall without exposure
Seige: to surround a castle and try to make it surrender.
Students who missed class need to watch the videos on Youtube of David Maccauley's 'Castle' at Castles: Part One (Part One)
Castles: Part Two (Part Two)
Castles: Part Three (Part Three)
Castles: Part Four (Part Four) Total Time of all four is under one hour.Monday, March 4
Finished castle. Quiz Tuesday.
Tuesday, March 5
Quiz on Castle followed by:
Study Guide
Early Middle Ages
Morris 2013
1. The Middle Ages is a period between _______________, that ended in _____________, and the ________________________ which began in __________________.
2. The reason/s the Middle Ages began is/are ___________________________________________.
3. The Middle Ages are sometimes called the Dark Ages for three reasons. What are they?
4. Define Classical Learning.
5. Why did the Latin language become a bunch of different dialects and eventually languages during the Middle Ages?
6. What made the Roman Catholic Church so powerful and wealthy in the Middle Ages?
7. The ________________ were a powerful Germanic tribe that lived in what is now _________________ and _______________________.
8. Match the following Frankish leaders with what they accomplished
a. Clovis
b. Charles Martel
c. Pepin the Short
d. Charlemagne
9. What is the importance of the Battle of Tours and who fought in it? How would Western Civilization have been different if the other side had won?
10. Name four things Charlemagne did that make him great.
11. Why do many scholars think that the Middle Ages would have been shorter if Charlemagne’s descendants had been more like him?
12. Why did most people move from cities and towns to the country after the Fall of Rome?
13. The feudal system was caused by people’s need for _____________________.
14. What invaders attacked Western Europe in the early middle ages, leading to feudalism?
15. Be able to draw and label the feudal pyramid.
16. The land given to a vassal by the king is called a _______________ or ____________________.
17. Describe a typical feudal manor.
18. Define feudalism.
19. How did feudalism benefit the peasants? How did it benefit the vassals? How did it benefit the king? How did it benefit the Catholic Church?
20. What is the difference between a freeman and a serf?
21. What is a tithe?
22. What was the purpose of a castle?
23. The first castles were called ___________________________.
24. What is a keep? Moat? Crenulations? Arrow Loops? Murder Holes?
25. How else was a castle defended?
26. What is a siege? What are some ways a castle could be taken by those attacking it?
27. Why did castles go obsolete?
28. What was the Holy Roman Empire? Why was a German the emperor of Rome?
29. What is a monastery? Who was St. Benedict?
30. All learning in the early middle ages took place in _________________. All learning was done in the language of ______________________.
31. What was life like for a peasant in the middle ages?
32. How were castles used to take over rebellious areas?
Wednesday, March 13
Chivalry and Women
Main Idea: Many of our modern ideas about love and romance come from Medieval concepts of courtly love and chivalry (such as opening doors, etc). But women were less respected than men in the Middle Ages, and in the working classes, the life of a girl and woman was short, dangerous, and out of her control.
- Chivalry---the code of conduct for knights that stressed loyalty to God, feudal lord and lady fair.
- Epic Poems--long narrative poems, simliar to the ones during Greek and Roman times. In the Middle Ages, many epics dealt with either a quest or a conflict between the different loyalties of a knight. For example, the conflict between love and loyalty, or love and duty.
- Troubadours--early songwriters/musicians who sang while they played an instrument, usually a lute or other stringed instrument. They sang of courtly love and chivalry, making it sound more romantic and exciting. They helped give us our modern love songs and the concept of romantic love.
- Women in the Middle Ages: could not inherit land if daughter, started working as child, married at 12, had many children, most died, childbirth dangerous, arranged marriages, only escape was to become a nun.
- Catholic Church--women no real power, no women priests, could only be nuns.
Medieval French song with lute.
Life of Women in the Middle Ages
Thursday, March 14
Creating a Medieval Coat of Arms
Main Idea: Knights in the Middle Ages took the items that they wore or used in battle and created coats-of-arms, which allowed them to show off their 'colors' in their manors. We still use coats-of-arms on a regular basis in the U.S. and the rest of the Western World, and even in the rest of the world.
Coats of Arms Elements
An example of a coat of arms is below.
Not shown---the base, which supports the bottom of the coat of arms. It can be a grassy area, rock or some other solid structure.
Coats of Arms Rubric
Total possible 50 points
1. Shield (5 points)
2. Helmet/Headgear (5 points)
3. Wreath (5 points)
4. Crest/Plume (5 points)
5. Mantle (5 points)
6. Supports (2) (5 points)
7. Base (5 points)
8. War Cry (5 points)
9. Neatness (5 points)
10. Color (5 points)
Friday-Monday, March 15 and 18
Church versus King Smackdown: Round One
Main Idea: The kings of Europe struggled with the Roman Catholic church for power during the Middle Ages. One king, Henry IV, tried to name his own bishops (lay investiture) and was excommunicated by the Pope Gregory VII. He then had to beg forgiveness.- Canon Law--church law that ALL Roman Catholics must follow
- Sacraments--important religious ceremonies that all people need to get into heaven
- Excommunication--to be denied church sacraments. kicked out of the church. Basically, this means you will go to hell when you die.
- Papal Interdict--When a pope cuts of sacraments to everyone in a given area.
- Henry IV--Holy Roman Emperor, challenged Pope Gregory over Lay Investiture and was excommuncated.
- Lay Investiture--when a king names his own religious officials, including bishops and other clergy
- Pope Gregory VII--reform pope, excommunicated Henry IV
- Concordat (Agreement) of Worms (1122) -- Compromise--Pope names bishops, king can veto
Main Idea: Many people thought that the Roman Catholic Church was becoming to worldly and corrupt and looked for better ways to practice their faith without leaving the church.
- Age of Faith: Another name for the period in the later Middle Ages when Eureopeans renewed their faith.
- Monastic Movement: Many, led by Benedict, moved to monasteries and convents to live lives that were more like the life lives by Jesus.
- Monastery at Cluny, France: where the church reform movement began. Tried to get the church and its followers to be more Christ-like.
- Francis of Assisi: Italian monk who gave up everything to serve the poor and others in need. Formed the Franciscan Friars.
- Friars: a new kind of monk who lived in towns with the people rather than in a monestary, and helped the poor, the sick, orphans and others
- Problems in the Catholic Church
- Simony--the buying and selling of church positions. Anybody could be a church official, even if he was a bad person.
- Married priests and/or priests fathering childen. Priests were sworn to be celibate (never marry or have sex)
- Lay Investiture: when a king names his own bishops. King did not name holy men, instead named men he could control.
Cathedrals: Cities of God
- Cathedral: a large church that is the home church of a bishop. Cathedra means chair, because the bishop had his chair there. A cathedral also housed holy relics.
- Relic: a piece of a saint or other sacred object kept in a church and visited by pilgrims.
- Stained Glass: told stories from the Bible and church history in pictures, because most people in the Middle Ages could not read or write.
- Romanesque Architecture: short, squat, small windows and heavy walls. Early cathedrals were in this style because the walls had to be thick to suppor the roof.
- Gothic Architecture: tall, graceful churches with large windows and narrow supports, made possible by buttresses.
- Flying Buttresses: an external support that holds up a wall.
- Gargoyle: a stone statue used on the outside of a cathedral, often as a drain spout.
Honors Test Prompts for Friday Quiz. Due Tuesday, March 26 for Honors ONLY
Honors Quiz Extension
Morris-2013 Early Middle Ages
Pick One of the Following. Due Tuesday
1. Write a medieval love song dealing with the concepts of courtly love and the conflicting loyalties you face as a knight or lady fair. You must use at least six of the following words in context: battle, heartbreak, rose, thorn, bird, unicorn, joy, priest, king, lord, God, purity, unicorn, thistle, blood. The song must have three verses and well as a refrain, and must rhyme.
2. Write a journal entry or entries with a minimum of 300 words by a young girl trying to decide whether to get married or to become a nun, weighing the benefits of each. Her family has told her she must marry a farmer on a nearby manor but she doesn’t love him. She does not really want to be a nun, either. She wants to get an education.
3. Write a letter, minimum 300 words, from a friar to a monk, or vice versa, saying why your way of life is more productive to the teachings of Jesus and trying to convince him to come over to your way of thinking and join you.
4. Write a letter to the Pope convincing him that the Catholic Church is becoming too worldly and giving him reasons. Be careful in your wording or you may get excommunicated. (300 words)
Tuesday, March 26
Causes of the Crusades
Main Idea: The Crusades were holy wars between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims that have caused distrust ever since.
Crusades: wars between 1096 and 1204 to free the holy land.
Pilgrimage: a journey to a holy place to receive forgiveness of sins.
Holy Land: the land in the Bible where Jesus lived and taught. (Now Isreal)
Pope Urban: called for Crusades to free the Holy Land
Muslims: followers of Muhammad who lived in the Holy Land
Islam: The religion of Muhammad, believers in the same God as the Jews and Christians
Causes of Crusades:
1. Holy Land controlled by Muslims and the worry that Muslims would not let Christians make pilgrimages to the Holy Land.
2. Constantinople (Eastern Roman Empire) asks west for help against Muslims.
3. Troublesome knights in Europe threatening the people and the church. Sending on a crusade would get rid of them.
4. Landless younger sons. Younger sons could not inherit land. This way they could seek their fortune in the holy land.
5. Adventure
6. Forgiveness of sins
7. Merchants wanting wealthCrusades Study Guide/Skeleton Notes
You will need a textbook to do this. We are doing it in class on Wednesday and Thursday this week.
1. Crusades means _____________________________
2. The main reason for the Crusades was _____________________________.
3. Why was the Holy Land holy to Christians, and why did Christians want to be able to go to the Holy Land?_____________________________________
4. In 1093, a call for help was sent to Europe by _______________ in Constantinople.
5. Pope __________ called for the Crusades.
6. Give four main causes of the crusading spirit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6. Using page 340, give three good things that could happen to a person as the result of going on a crusade.
1.
2.
3.
7. Using page 340, give three bad things that could happen to a person as a result of going on a crusade.
1.
2.
3.
8. It was easy to identify a person on the Crusades, because they wore a ____________.
The First Crusade
1. In the First Crusade, most of the warriors were from _________, but there were also five other nationalities that had many warriors. These were ______________________________________________________.
2. Only ____________ Crusaders, about ____% of those who left Europe, made it to Jerusalem.
3. On ___________, _________ the Crusaders captured Jerusalem. How did they treat those they captured?_______________________________
4. The Crusaders managed to capture a narrow strip of land _________ miles long called the ____________________.
5. In _____________, the Muslim forces recaptured the Crusader state of _____________.
The Second Crusade
1. The Second Crusade’s goal was to _____________________.
2. The result of the Second Crusade was ______________________.
3. The brilliant Muslim military leader who defeated the Crusaders was named ___________.
The Third Crusade
1. The Third Crusade ended in a _________ when Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin reached a compromise. What was the compromise? ________________________________________________________________________
The Fourth Crusade
1. In ______, a new pope, ___________, called the Fourth Crusade. The goal of this Crusade was to _____________________.
2. Instead, the Crusader army sacked the city of __________________. This caused a split in the Christian church.
Children’s Crusade
1. The Children’s Crusade began in __________. What was the result of this crusade?
Reconquista
1. The goal of the Reconquista was __________________.
2. In ______________, the____________ were driven out of Spain.
3. Christians in Spain then went after people in Spain who disagreed with Christianity, especially _________ and __________.
4. Those persons suspected of ___________ (people whose religious beliefs were different from the Catholic Church’s teachings) were rounded up in the Spanish _________________.
5. In the year _____________, all the practicing ___________ and ____________ were driven out of Spain.
Inquisition Videos to watch if gone
The Siege of Jerusalem
If you are gone Thursday and Friday, watch these two videos for an overview of the Crusades:
Crescent and the Cross: Part One
Crescent and the Cross, Part Two
Monday, April 8
Effect of the Crusades
Main Idea: The Crusades had both good and bad results, none of which were intended.1. Feudal lords lose power
2. Catholic Church loses power
3. Trade increases between Europe, Middle East and Africa
4. Many knights and others die
5. Byzantine Empire does not trust Europe any more
6. Muslims do not trust Europe any more
7. Power of kings increases
8. Tolerance for Jews and Muslims decreases
9. Italian city-states become wealthy
10. European technology improves thanks to contact with Muslims
Muslim Spain
1. Moor--a Spanish Muslim
2. Cordoba--important Moorish city in Spain
3. Al Hambra---famous mosque
Tuesday, April 9
Changes in Farming Methods
Main Idea: A warmer European climate and better farming methods allowed Europeans to grow more food using fewer people, allowing some people to move from the country to the new towns.1. 800-1200 AD Climate in Europe gets warmer. Growing season longer and crops grow farther north than before.
2. 3 Field System replaces 2 Field System. Instead of using 50% of the land for crops and leaving the other 50% fallow, farmers used 67% of the land for crops. They grew the main crop on one field, left one field fallow, and grew legumes (beans, lentils, peas, etc) on the third. This third field yielded vitamin- and protein-rich food as well as nitrogen for the soil. It made people healthier in Europe and put more land into production.
3. Metal Plow---replaced wood plow. could plow deeper and more effectively.
4. Horse to Plow--replaced oxen, could plow twice as much ground in the same time
5. Chest Harness--allowed the horse to pull plow. Oxen had used yokes.
If gone, videos to watch:
1. A Medieval English Town
2. The Al Hambra in Moorish Spain
Wednesday, April 10
Growth of Towns
Main Idea: In the 1000s, less people were needed to farm and new opportunities arose in towns. People moved to towns for new/better life and freedom.I. Growth of Towns
- Town air makes you free---if a serf could escape and live in a town for one year and one day, he/she was free.
- Specialization--people in towns began doing specific jobs, such as baker, tailor, miller, etc.
- Towns developed with the rebirth of trade stimulated by the Crusades
- A town was not owned by the feudal lord, but by the king. It was ruled by elected officials or ones appointed by the king.
III. Guilds
- groups of skilled craftsmen who all did the same job who banded together to protect quality, quantity and prices.
Steps in joining a guild:
1. Apprentice: age 8 or so. given to master by parents. Work five to 9 years for free in return for room and board and training.
2. Journeyman: after one proves oneself, can become a journeyman, meaning can move to any job and get paid.
3. Masterpiece: a journeyman can create a masterpiece showing his skill to prove he is ready to be a master craftsman. It must be approved by his guild.
4. Master: if the masterpiece if approved, the craftsman becomes a master.
Interesting Videos: Going to Oxford, The Medieval University
Tuesday-Thursday, April 16 and 18
Learning, Vernacular, Scholasticism
Main Idea: Universities replaced the Church as centers of learning. Writers began writing in the vernacular rather than in Latin. Scholasticism used reason and critical thinking to reconcile Classical Learning and Christianity.
- University--scholars and teachers sharing knowledge
- Latin--the language of the Catholic church and of learning.
- Vernacular--the spoken language of an area (ex. US= English)
- People began writing in the vernacular instead of Latin
- Dante--Italian--The Divine Comedy
- Chaucer--English--Canterbury Tales
- Cervantes--Spanish--Don Quixote
- Classical Learning---the learning of the ancient Greeks and Romans
- Muslim Learning--Muslims had two great cities of learning--Baghdad in Iraq and Cordoba in Spain. The Muslims preserved the Classical learning and also added a lot of their own, including algebra, astronomy, weaponry, and navigation.
- Thomas Aquinas--A Catholic scholar who combined Classical learning with Christianity using Aristotelean logic.
- Scholastics--men who used logic and reason to solve contradictions, including those between the Catholic teachings and Classical Learning.
Discrimination Against Jews in Europe
Main Idea: Jews were discriminated against in Europe for nearly 2,000 years, from the time of the Diaspora in 70 AD until the Holocaust in World War Two in 1938-1945. This was because Jews were allowed to lend money at interest while Christians were not and because the Church taught that the Jews were the killers of Jesus Christ. They were also kept isolated in ghettos and not allowed to do most jobs.
- Diaspora: the spreading out of the Jews after they were expelled from Israel by the Romans in 70 AD. Most went to Russia and Europe.
- Reasons for Discrimination
- laws against USURY (lending money at interest). Christians were taught Usury was a sin, but Jews were allowed to lend money at interest. This made Christians equate the Jews with sin.
- Catholic church taught that the Jews as a people were the killers of Jesus, when it had only been a small segment of the Jewish population that had wanted him killed. The Romans actually killed Jesus, and Jesus and his early followers were all Jewish.
- Jews were forced to live apart from the rest of Europeans and were considered strange and different.
- live in Christian parts of town. They had to live in isolated Ghettos (Places where Jews were allowed to live)
- Own land (so could only work for others)
- Be in guilds or hold skilled work. Only exceptions were: money-lending (banking), metal-working, and clothing production.
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