Augustus and Empire
Main Idea: Octavian (later known better as Caesar Augustus) became Rome's most powerful and effective emperor.
- Lived 63 BC- 14 AD
- Personality-wise, opposite of Julius Caesar---Octavian was quiet, religious, frugal and moral.
- Lived a very simple lifestyle
- Was ruthless to enemies of himself and Caesar
- Named 'Imperator' (Supreme Military Commander) by Rome. This became the world "Emperor". He was named this because he put on the appearance that Rome was still a Republic and that he was not a dictator.
- Octavian builds the Roman economy
- Common Money throughout empire---Denarius
- Sea trade to all of Mediterannean as well as China and India
- Silk Road land route
- many thousands of miles of paved roads
- used auxiliaries in the Roman army (an auxiliary is a soldier who is not Roman but who fights for Rome. This allowed the army to be bigger)
- Achievements
- stabilized Rome's 10,000 miles of borders, bringing about the Roman Peace (Pax Romana)
- Many public buildings and temples built during his rule. Beautification.
- Civil Service test--tests given for government jobs, and those who scored highest got the jobs. Employment based on skill and knowledge rather than wealth or connections.
Building the Roman City
Powerpoint on the building of a Roman City
- Ideal size 50,000
- All cities had certain elements such as
- connection to Roman road system
- connection to river and/or aqueduct
- walls
- gates/gatehouses
- guard towers
- forum
- market
- housing for rich, middle, poor
- fountains on each residential street
- gridded streets
- baths
- arena/theater, sometimes a circus
- etc
- If you were gone, you need to watch the following videos
No journal. We watched the rest of the movie on Roman City and all classes except Honors took a multiple-choice quiz.
Tuesday, February 5
The Religion of the Jews
Main Idea: Judaism is the basis for both Christianity and Islam and is the first great monotheistic religion.- Judaism--the religion of the Jewish people
- Jew--follower of Judaism
- Abraham--the father of the Jews (or Hebrew) people, chosen by God to lead the Jews from Iraq to Palestine to a land promised to the Jews by God.
- Monotheism--the belief in one God.
- Moses--Jewish leader given the laws by God
- Torah--the first five books of the Old Testament, containing the laws of the Jews. There are 613 laws in the Torah.
- Ten Commandments--the main laws of the Jews, also used by Christians
- Covenant---an agreement. God made a covenant with the Jews. If they would follow him and obey his laws, he would protect and bless the Jews.
- Palestine---the land promised to the Jews by God. It is now Israel, and became the land of the Jews after WWII.
Christianity and Rome
Main Idea: A Jewish rabbi named Jesus claimed to be the Messiah and was crucified by the Romans for treason. However, his teachings spread and Christianity was born. It would become the most important religion in Western Civilization.- Jesus---claimed to be the Messiah. Taught a New Covenant--believe in Him and one's sins were forgiven and one did not have to follow the strict laws and sacrifices of the Torah.
- Old Covenant---Obey God, follow his commandments, and make the sacrifices and God will protect and bless you.
- New Covenant--Believe in Jesus and his sacrifice for your sins and God will give you eternal life.
- Many Jews reject Jesus because they are expecting a different type of Messiah or they disagree with his teachings.
- Jesus crucified by Romans for treason (claiming to be a king).
- According to Christians, Jesus raised from the dead after three days and ascended to heaven.
- Diaspora. 70 AD--Jews rebel against Rome and are kicked out of Palestine--the Diaspora--they will not return until after WWII.
- Most Jews go to Europe and Russia in the Diaspora
The Growth of Christianity
Main Idea: When Christianity became open to everybody, and not just Jewish believers, it spread rapidly across the Roman Empire. Though illegal at first, it later became Rome's official religion.- Gospels--the first four books of the New Testament, that tell the story of Jesus. (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John)
- Peter--became the first leader of the Christian church after the death and resurrection of Jesus. Peter also had a vision that all people--not just Jews--could become Christians
- Gentile---any person who is not Jewish. Peter said Gentiles could become Christian by believing in Jesus and did not have to follow the laws of the Torah but only believe in Jesus.
- Paul--a religious Jew who opposed Christianity. He was converted when he was struck off his horse and blinded by a vision. Paul then became a Christian and traveled throughout the eastern Roman Empire starting new churches and writing letters to them--letters which are part of the New Testament. He was eventually killed in Rome.
- Fish--the Christian secret symbol, used by Christians when Christianity was illegal to identify each other. The Greek word for fish--Ikthos--has the first letters in the saying, "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior".
- Catacombs--underground burial tunnels outside Rome where the early Christians worshipped in secret.
- Constantine--a Roman general who converted to Christianity after having a vision before the Battle of Milvian Bridge. He saw a Chi-Ro in the sky, and heard a voice "In hoc vinci" (In this conquer). He had his army paint the symbol on its shields. After the victory, Constantine became the emperor and also became a Christian and in the Edict of Milan gave Romans religious freedom.
- Theodosius---Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.
Early Christian Church: Beliefs and Hierarchy
- Beliefs
- Jesus is the Messiah and the Son of God
- Believe and be baptized = eternal life
- Scriptures (New Testament) Also use Old Testament
- Gospels (4) Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. First four books in the New Testament. Tell the story of Jesus's life and teaching.
- Acts (1 book) Tells the story of the early Christian church
- Letters (many)--most of them are written by Paul, and are to the different churches Paul started around the Mediterannean Sea.
- Revelation--(1 book) --last book. tells about the end of the world and the Last Judgment.
- Hierarchy
- Pope (based in Vatican, leader of all the world's Roman Catholics)
- Cardinals---under Pope. Control large areas where Catholics live. Elect the next Pope. Command the bishops.
- Bishops--under Archbishops. Control smaller areas where Catholics live. Each bishop is in charge of a Diocese and all the churches and priests within it.
- Priests, Monks, and Nuns. Priests control each church. Monks and Nuns are members of the church but usually live seperately with other monks or nuns.
Review Sheet
Test on Judaism and Christianity
Judaism
1. Where did the tribe of Israel originate and what was that tribe’s occupation?
2. According to Jews, God chose the Jews as His chosen people. Who is considered the father of the Jewish people and why?
3. What land were the Jews promised by God?
4. What was the Old Covenant between God and His people?
5. Who was given the laws of Judaism by God?
6. The main laws given by God were the ___________.
7. The laws were recorded in the Jewish scriptures, called the ________________.
8. The Jewish capital was/is ___________________.
9. The most sacred place in Jerusalem is _________________ because ______________.
10. When the Jews rebelled against Rome, what did the Romans do to the temple? Why?
11. What did the Romans do to the Jews after the rebellion? Where did the Jewish people go?
12. What is the Diaspora?
13. When did the Jews finally return in numbers to Israel?
14. What is the significance of the Masada in Jewish history?
15. What is monotheism? Polytheism? What was the religion of the Roman Empire?
Christianity
1. Jesus was born in the Roman Empire in the province of _______________.
2. According to the Bible, Jesus lived to be _____ years old.
3. Why is there little written record of Jesus outside the Bible?
4. The Jews were expecting a Messiah. What is a messiah and what was the Messiah supposed to do for Israel?
5. Jesus claimed to be the Messiah. Why did many not believe him?
6. Jesus’ early followers were called his _____________.
7. What was the New Covenant Jesus brought to the people and how is it different from the Old Covenant?
8. Why was Jesus killed? How? What crime had he committed, according to the Romans?
9. According to Christians, what happened to Jesus after three days? How is this event explained by non-believers?
10. Who was Peter and why is he important in the early church?
11. Who was Paul and why is he important in the early church? Why could he travel so easily?
12. The Christian scriptures are called the ______________. The four books that tell about Jesus’ life are called the _______.
13. What is a Gentile? How did Christianity grow when Gentiles were allowed to join?
14. Why was Christianity illegal in the early Roman empire?
15. What emperor made Christianity legal? Why?
16. What is the fish symbol? What is the Chi-Ro?
17. The leader of the early church was the _____. Under him were ______and then _______.
18. Why were many Romans attracted to Christianity’s teachings? Give three reasons.
Thursday, February 14
The Fall of Rome
Main Idea: Rome's fall had many causes. The Western Empire fell in 476 AD and the Eastern Empire lasted another 1,000 years at Constantinople.Vocabulary
- Inflation--rapidly rising prices caused by devalued money
- Diocletian--Emperor who split the Roman Empire in two parts because it was too big
- Western Roman Empire--Latin-speaking, based in Rome, fell in 476
- Eastern Roman Empire--Greek-speaking, based in Constantinople. Lasted another 1,000 years
- Constantine--reunited East and West and moved his capital to Constantinople, now known as Istanbul, Turkey.
- Attila the Hun--leader of the Huns, a nomadic warlike people who invaded Europe on horseback and pushed the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire.
- Germanic Tribes---tribes from Central and Eastern Europe who were pushed into the Roman Empire
- Gold and silver drain---money flows out of Rome for foreign luxury items
- Inflation---money devalued, causes high prices
- High Taxes---needed to fund Rome's wars as well as to pay for the social programs of 'Bread and Circuses'
- Bad Soil--a result of using the soil every year for several hundred years until the nutrients were used up. This caused a food shortage.
- Disease--caused by crowded, unsanitary living conditions, especially in the Empire's large cities
- Barbarian Attacks--result of pressure from the Huns
- Christianity---Christianity hurt the social fabric of Rome because Christians refused to worship the emperor or Roman gods and did not fit into Roman society.
- Moral Decline---Romans had poor morals and scoffed at traditional values
- Loyalty of Armies to generals rather than Rome---soldiers were in it for the paycheck.Many were mercenaries--hired guns--and had no loyalty to Rome at all.
- Corruption--a very crooked system of government involving patronage, bribes, and intimidation
- Lack of Patriotism--in the early Republic and Empire, serving in the Army as considered a good and virtuous action. Now, it was considered beneath the average Roman, who preferred to enjoy life and let others fight for him. Mercenaries and poorer Romans did the fighting while the rich played.
The Church Splits
Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox
--based in Rome/Vatican ---based in Constantinople
--services in Latin .----services in area's language
--Pope is the overall leader ----Partriarch leads with help of bishops
---Pope commands kings ----Emperor commands patriarch
---Priests can not marry ----priests can marry
---no divorce allowed --- divorce in certain circumstances
---Icons are idol worship ---Icons allowed
Vocab:
Icon--a sacred image used in worship
Legacy of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Empire based in Constantinople)
1. Justinian Code----Emperor Justinian took 400 years of Roman laws and combined them into one book of 5,000 laws. This book was used for 900 years.
2. Constantinople---Europe's number one city for 900 years
3. Hagia Sophia---means 'church of Holy Wisdom'. Greatest Christian church in the East, now a mosque.
4. Preservation of Greek and Roman culture during the time when there was little learning in the Western Roman Empire.
5. Headquarters and creator of the Eastern Catholic/Orthodox Church
6. Russia and other Slavic peoples were Christianized by the Eastern Catholic church
7. Cyrillic Alphabet---a combination of Greek and Turkish. Used in Russia to this day
Tuesday, February 19
We went over the Byzantine contributions. There will be a test on Friday covering the Reasons for the Fall of Rome, the Legacy of the Byzantine Empire, and the Legacy of the Roman Empire.
If you were gone, you should watch this video clip on the Huns
You do no need to watch the entire clip, but get the general idea of where the Huns came from, why they were so effective, and how they interacted and reacted with Rome before it fell.
Wednesday, February 20
The Legacy of Rome
Main Idea: Our culture owes many things to Rome. From our law, to our architecture, to our religion, to what we learn in school--most comes from Greece and Rome.
Vocab
- Legacy---something that is left to future generations. (example---we may leave behind our children as our legacy. Our perhaps we have invented something or written something)
- Classical Civilization---anything from Greek and/or Roman civilization
- Latin Language--basis for all Romance languages of the world today. Also, Latin became the language of the Roman Catholic Church (and still is). It was also the ONLY language used for learning in Europe in the Middle Ages, and continues to be the main academic language in the fields of law, science, and medicine.
- Architecture, Engineering and Technology---arch, dome, concrete, aqueducts, roads. Modern architecture copies Greece and Rome,
- Roman Law--
- Equal Treatment under the law
- innocent until proven guilty
- burden of proof on the accuser
- punish actions, not thoughts
- get rid of unfair laws
- Art
- Bas-Relief--a 3-D image projecting from a flat surface (like George Washington's head on a quarter)
- Mosaic---a design made from small colored tiles or pieces of glass
- Fresco--a painting done of plaster while it is still wet
- Learning--- histories, Aenied, the spreading of Greek ideas
- Christianity--the religion of Western Civilization until NOW
- Military Organization---a professional army arranged hierarchically.
Review Day
Review Sheet
Fall of Rome/Legacy of Rome
- Why did Rome fall? Give eight reasons.
- What was the Pax Romana? How long did it last? Why is it important?
- What did Diocletian do to try to save the Roman Empire?
- How was the Roman empire divided?
- Who reunited the Roman empire after its division?
- What is a mercenary?
- What is inflation?
- Where did Constantine move his capital? Name? Original/his/modern.
- Why did many Germanic tribes begin to pressure the Roman Empire?
- Who were the Huns? How did they create the Germanic attacks on
- Who was Attila the Hun?
- Rome went from a city of __________ to a city of _____________after it fell.
- The Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople lasted another _____ years after the fall of the Western Empire.
- Why is emperor Justinian important?
- Why was Constantinople easier to defend than Rome?
- What is the name of the great church in Constantinople? What is it used for now?
- Be able to tell the differences between the Roman Catholic Church based in Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church based in Constantinople.
- What is a Pope? Patriarch?
- Give four contributions of the Byzantine Empire to world history.
- What is excommunication and why was it such a powerful tool for the Pope?
- What is an icon and what was the controversy between Rome and Constantinople about concerning icons?
- What peoples were converted to Eastern Christianity and later became a great civilization?
- What does Byzantine architecture look like?
- What is the Cyrillic alphabet? Why was/is it important?
- How was the Justinian Code important to American law?
- What is Classical Civilization? What two cultures make up this civilization?
- What is a bas-relief?
- What is a mosaic?
- What is a fresco?
- Why is Latin an important contribution to Western Civilization?
- The language of learning from Roman times through the Middle Ages was ___
- Give three important Roman accomplishments in architecture.
- Give two accomplishments in engineering.
- Give three ideas from Roman law that we use in our law system in the
- Give an important contribution of Rome to religion.
- How is a new pope chosen? (Current Event tie-in)
Friday, February 22
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