Geography of Greece
Main Idea: Greece is mountainous and its city-states were isolated. The Greeks used the sea for travel and trade.
Greece is:
- in southern Europe on the Mediterannean Sea
- made up of 1,400 islands
- surrounded by three seas--the Aegean, the Ionian, and the Mediterannean
- mountainous
- only 20% arable (land that can be used for farming)
- has few natural resources. Main ones are grain, grapes and olives.
- so mountainous that Greeks use the sea for travel and trade rather than land routes
- has so few resources that the Greeks colonized other places for resources and additional land
- has a very nice climate. Mediterannean Climate--warm, dry summers (not too hot), and cool, rainy winters (not too cold). An example of such a climate in the USA is California.
- has a climate that encouraged those who lived in it to spend lots of time outside and together, either meeting at the marketplace or other venues. The Greeks became very social people.
The Minoans
Main Idea: The Minoans culture, on Crete, influenced Greek culture. It was highly developed and disappeared suddenly.
- Crete--island where Minoans lived. Biggest city was Knossos
- Knossos--Minoan capital
- Labyrinth--palace at Knossos, basis for legends about King Minos, the Minotaur, and Theseus
- Contributions of the Minoans--art, architecture, religion, love of beauty, love of learning, iron
- Linear A--writing system of the Minoans. Not decoded
- Minoan Civilization ends==why? Tsunami/earthquake? Defeat by another culture?
- Very advanced--large buildings, art, indoor plumbing, flush toilets
Tuesday, September 25
Myceneans, Dorians and the Dark Ages
Main Idea: The Myceneans built a powerful military kingdom on mainland Greece and defeated Troy to control trade. They then fell to the Dorians, and a Dark Age of no learning followed, during which Greek stories were kept alive by bards who told history as epics.
- Myceneans--warlike conquerers who built large empire between 2000 and 1200 BC
- Troy--a major trading city on Asia Minor (now Turkey) that the Myceneans fought in the Trojan War
- Trojan War--The Myceneans vs. the Trojans, over control of trade
- Dorians--took over Greece from the Myceneans. They had no learning, and for 400 years, there was a Dark Age in Greece.
- Dark Ages--the period from 1200 BC to 800 BC when the Dorians ruled and learning stopped
- Bard--a professional traveling storyteller who traveled from town to town and kept the Greek history alive in the form of myths and epics
- Myth--a story that explains why things are the way they are or teaches a lesson
- Epic--a long story in poem format with a hero who must overcome many hardships and obstacles
Timeline-- Minoans Myceneans Dorians
3000-1400 BC 1600-1200 BC 1200-800 BC
We watched an MME and also a video about how the Trojan War was fought. We learned the story of the wooden horse used to trick the Trojans into opening their gate.
Wednesday, September 26
Homer and the Epic
Main Idea: A blind poet named Homer wrote down the epic tales of the Iliad and the Odyssey around 750 BC. They are the greatest epics of Western Civilization.
- Odyssey---a long and difficult journey undertaken by a hero in which he/she faces many obstacles.
- Odysseus--hero of the Odyssey
- Apollo 13--a modern odyssey
- Name three obstacles encountered by Odysseus--
- Name three obstacles encountered by Apollo 13--
Thursday, September 27
Greek City-States
Main Idea: Greek city-states developed very differently from each other because of their isolation from each other due to mountainous terrain and seas. Each was like an independent country with its own government, money, army and culture.
- City-State: a city and all the land it controls. Also known as a Polis (the Greek word for city)
- Acropolis: a cliff area or high place used as a fortress and also for temples The most famous acropolis is the one in Athens.
- Agora: a marketplace thad had all the public buildings such as markets, gymnasiums, temples, theaters and the place where Greeks would go to meet and visit each other as well as shop.
- Arete: the Greek concept of a Heroic Ideal, meaning excellence in Life, Sports, and War. The Greeks believed that a person must excel at all things of the mind, body and spirit.
Monday, October 1
Lesson One: Government Types
1. Monarchy--rule by a king or queen. The least democratic, because one must be born to the title.
2. Oligarchy--rule by a few powerful citizens. A little better, but not much.
3. Tyranny--rule by one powerful leader. It is actually originally more democratic, because a tyrant uses the people (the mob) to gain power. Good examples of tyrants are Hitler, Napolean, and Saddam Hussein.
4. Democracy--rule by the people.
Big Point: These four types progressed in order in Athens and in other societies. There is no guarantee that once democracy is reached, that we won't or can't go backwards to a tyranny or an oligarchy.
Lesson Two: The Greek Army
1. The Greek army was able to become superior due to the use of iron, which allowed all soldiers to have advanced weaponry.
2. City-states required all male citizens to serve in the army as citizen-soldiers.
3. Hoplite-a highly trained, well-armed Greek foot soldier.
4. Phalanx--a group of hoplites marching shoulder to shoulder with shields and lances.
Absent students should watch the following video on the Spartan phalanx on Youtube: Spartan Phalanx Video
Tuesday, October 2
The Rise of Athens
Main Idea: Athens had many different types of government before becoming a democracy. Athens is knows as the world's first great democracy and served as a model for all other western democracies, including ours in the United States.
Timeline towards Democracy
- 800-650 BC: Age of Aristocrats. Athens governed by rich landowning citizens who used power to help themselves and didn't worry about the working class and the poor of Athens. This was a period of oligarchy. As Greek trade increased, the middle class wanted more say in the decision-making.
- 650-500 BC: Age of Tyrants. A period when tyrants ruled Athens with absolute power.
- 621: DRACO. The worst of the tyrants was Draco: he passed many harsh rules that hurt the middle class and the people hated him.
- 594: SOLON. Solon was a tyrant who got rid of many of Draco's laws. He prevented the sale of grain abroad, forbid debt slavery, and gave the middle class some power by creating the Assembly.
- 546 BC: Pisistratus. Seized power, became tyrant, gained support of middle class and poor by starting building programs and. financing farm equipment for poor farmers. He was popular with the middle class and poor. His son ruled poorly, and the people of Athens revolted, CIVIL WAR stormed the acropolis, and took control of their city.
- 508 BC: Cleisthenese. gave all male citizens full democratic rights, broke up power of nobles, created Council of 500 citizens, chosen by lot, to propose laws to the Assembly.
- If you are absent watch the following: The Dawn of Democracy
- Also recommended to watch (we watched clips, especially segments one and four): Cleisthenes and Democracy: Greeks: Crucible of Civilization
Wednesday, October 3
The Rise of Athens
Main Idea: Athens, though a small city of only 140,000 influenced the whole world in many different ways.
- Population: 140,000. 40,000 male voting citizens, 40,000 slaves, the rest women, children and outsiders
- Government: all male citizens served in the Assembly. 500 male citizens chosen by lot (chance) to be in the Council of 500.
- Women: women in Athens had little power. They learned to do household chores, and were expected to marry young and bear children.
- Military: Athens had a very strong navy with many triremes (warships)
- Education: Boys only. Most boys to 14. Rich boys to 18. Reading, writing, math, music, poetry, sports.
- Culture: Drama, art, architecture, literature, philosophy, science, medicine, democracy
- Food: rich had good diet, lots of food imported from colonies.
- Houses: rich had nice houses. Lived in comfort.
Monday, October 8, 2012
LIFE IN SPARTA
Main Idea: Because of its isolation and its large slave (helot) population, the city-state of Sparta developed as a military city-state.
- Oligarchy
- Life of Children
- At birth, babies were inspected by the leaders of the city. Any weak babies were thrown from a cliff to die.
- Both boys and girls did strict physical training. Girls learned to read and write and were well-educated compared to Athenian girls. The Spartans knew that only a strong Spartan woman could give birth to strong Spartan boys.
- Boys taken from home at age 7 and lived in a military barracks with other boys. Were treated harshly, beaten, encouraged to steal, given no luxuries.
- At age 20, boys could marry, but could not live with their wives until age 30. Still, they were under strict orders to have children while also being under strict orders never to leave. This taught stealth.
- Women
- could read and write
- were allowed to own property
- managed the farms when the men were off on military duty
- could not vote
- participated in sports
- Men
- trained for war as main job.
- at age 30, joined a group of men and fought with them for life
- at age 57, could retire
- Possessions and luxuries were considered ways to make a person weak. The Spartans did not have any
- No art or culture
- Population: 100,000 total, with only 8,000 Spartan male citizens.
- Sparta had the best land army in Greece.
- Links for video: The Spartans, Spartan-Athenian Wife Swap
Friday, October 12
PERSIA ATTACKS!
Athenian General Miltiades presented his helmet to Zeus after the Battle of Marathon. It is now on display in Olympia.Main Idea: A huge Persian empire almost wiped Greece out in the 400s BC.
- Persia--large empire centered in what is now Iran, and covering thousands of square miles, Persia stretched from North Africa to India, and well into the Far East and Asia.
- By the 400s, Persia was the world's largest empire, and its most powerful.
- Persia had a great army with archers, cavalry (horsemen), and 10,000 "Immortals", who were replaced by another when each died so that is seemed they never died.
- In 513 BC King Darius invades Asia Minor (Ionia) to take over the valuable Greek city-states and trade routes.
- In 499 the Greek city-states in Ionia rebelled. They asked Greece for help. Only Athens and Eretria agreed to come help fight. The Greeks lost, but Darius vowed revenge on Athens and Eretria.
- 490 BC--Darius lands 25,000 men at Marathon, about 25 miles from Athens to face only 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 other Greeks. Sparta did not come help because it was having a religious festival.
- At the Battle of Marathon, Athens defeated the Persians after half the army left by ship to invade Athens. The battle losses were 6,400 for the Persians, and 164 for the Athenians.
- A runner named Pheidippides ran to Athens to tell the Athenians that the Athenians had won and were on their way to defend the city. He reported, then died. In 1896 the Olympics created a race called the Marathon to honor him.
If gone, watch the video and answer these questions:
Battle of Marathon Video Notes Name
Morris
Video: The Battle of Marathon 490 BC Parts 1 and 2
1. Why did Darius invade Greece and try to take over Athens?
2. How many ships did Darius bring with him for the invasion?
3. What did the Athenians and the Spartans do to the Persian messengers who came to order them to pay tribute to Persia?
4. How far did the Athenian runner Pheidippides have to run to go from Marathon to Sparta?
5. Why did the Spartans refuse to come help the Athenians?
6. How many days did the two armies face each other at Marathon?
7. Where did Darius decide to take half his men, including his cavalry and ships? Why did this give Athens a chance to attack?
8. How did Athens defeat the Persians at Marathon? What was their strategy?
9. How far did Pheidippides have to run to tell Athens that the battle was won and that the Athenian army was on its way?
10. When the Persian army arrived at Athens, who was there to meet them? What did the Persian army do then?
Monday, October 15
The Battle of Thermopylae
Main Idea: Ten years after Darius lost the Battle of Marathon, his son Xerxes attacked Greece again, and the first great battle was at Thermopylae.
- Xerxes: son of Darius, the new king of Persia after the death of Darius
- Xerxes leads an army of between 250,000 and 1 million men against Greece, with some going by land and some by ship.
- Hellespont--a narrow waterway above the Aegean Sea. Xerxes lined up his ships and built a bridge across the Hellespont on the boats.
- Thermopylae--a narrow valley surrounded by steep mountains, and the spot where the Greeks chose to fight the Persians. Thermopylae means 'gates of fire' because of the hot springs there. If the Persians could break through here, they could take Athens and then the rest of Greece.
- 7,000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, faced 100,000 Persians here. The Greeks were led by Spartan King Leonidas. The Spartans knew they were fighting to the death. It had been predicted by the Oracle at Delphi.
- After three days, a spy told the Persians of a secret path that would allow them to sneak around the Greeks and hit them from behind.
- The Spartans held the pass while the rest of the Greek army evacuated Athens and moved the city and army to Salamis to fight another day.
- All but one Spartan died.
We will Blot out the Sun: Clip from the movie '300'
Tuesday, October 16
The Battle of Salamis and the End of the Persian Wars
Main Idea: At Salamis, the Greek/Athenian navy defeated the Persian fleet, and it was the beginning of the end for the Persian invasion of Greece.- Salamis---residents of Athens and Greek army retreat here to regroup. The Persians loot Athens.
- Trireme--a triple decker warship that was rowed by oarsmen and had a battering ram on the front.
- Silver--discovery of silver near Athens had allowed Athenian leader Themistocles to build a large fleet of triremes.
- Battle of Salamis--Persian fleet tricked into entering a narrow channel and then defeated by Greek triremes.
- Battle of Platea--the final battle of the Persian Wars. A Greek victory. Persia goes home after this battle.
- Themistocles--great Athenian leader who won the Battle of Salamis.
Wednesday, October 17
The Golden Age of Athens (480-430 BC)
- Golden Age: (480-430 BC) A time of amazing learning, discovery and art in Athens.
- Pericles: the leader of Athens during the Golden Age. Pericles built Athens into the world's greatest city, using money from other allied city-states.
- Age of Pericles: 461-429 BC. Years when Pericles ruled.
- Pericles' Three Goals for Athens:
- Democracy: all male citizens vote on every law. Direct Democracy.
- Expand and Strengthen Athens: Use Navy, collect protection fees from Delian League
- Glorify Athens: build the most beautiful public buildings and temples in the world, all of stone.
Thursday, October 18
Greek Drama and Architecture
Main Idea: we still immitate Greek architecture in our public and private buildings, and our drama is a direct descendant of the Greek dramas, comedy and tragedy.- Greek Art--Balance, Proportion, the Ideal. Portrayed the human being as calm, balanced and proportioned.
- Architecture---buildings
- Parthenon: greatest architectural legacy of Athens. Symbol of greatness and democracy
- Columns:
- Doric--plain and simple. Invented by Spartans
- Ionic--curly-cue. Invented in Ionia.
- Corinthian--flowers and leaves. Invented in Corinth
- Drama
- Types of Drama
- Comedy--an amusing play with a happy ending.
- Slapstick--comedy involving physical pain and crude humor (Austin Powers)
- Satire--comedy that pokes fun at somebody or something. (Monty Python, Meet the Spartans)
- Tragedy--a play with a character with a tragic flaw who comes to a sad end.
- Tragic flaw--a character trait that becomes a character's downfall.
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Friday, October 19
We performed the reader's theater version of the famous Greek tragedy 'Medea'.
Monday, October 22
Philosophers Search for Truth
Main Idea: The Greeks were great philosophers who influenced how we think today.
- Universal Truth--a truth or fact that is always true, such as math, gravity, or the law of motion
- Philosophy--the love of wisdom, with the goal of discovering universal truths through logic and reason.
- Philosopher--a lover of wisdom
- Sophist--believed there is no universal truth. Each man contains his own truth.
- Socrates---not a sophist. believed in universal truth. Believed that man should question all things. "The unexamined life is not worth living"~ Socrates. Question everything.
- Socratic Method---Socrates' teaching method of answering student questions with another question and directing the student towards the answer so that the student must find it himself/herself.
- Trial of Socrates--Socrates put on trial for disrespecting the gods and corrupting the youth of Athens because he encouraged his students to question all things. This was at a time when the Athenian government was in turmoil and did not want anyone to criticize it.
- Hemlock--Deadly poison. Socrates sentenced to die by drinking hemlock and did so.
The Defense/Apology of Socrates at his trial.
Wednesday, October 24
Plato and Aristotle
- Socrates --- taught Plato-----taught Aristotle----taught Alexander the Great
- Plato--- 427-347 BC
- The Republic---a perfect society is not a democracy, it is a society ruled by philosopher kings
- Created first real university--the Academy of Athens--and it lasted for 900 years
- Plato's Allegory of the Cave is famous for teaching us not to trust what we see as reality
- Aristotle---384-322 BC
- opened a college named the Lyceum, which became as great as the Academy
- created the Scientific Method
- Classified things in order to understand them.
- invented modern logic, physics and biology
- tutored Alexander the Great, and taught him to love Greek culture
Plato's Republic in 2 Minutes
Aristotle in Three Minutes
Thursday, October 25
Plato's Allegory of the Cave
In other words, a way of telling a story with complicated ideas in a simpler way. A good example is George Orwell's 'Animal Farm'.
Worksheet on the Cave. If you were absent, get it and do it.
Discussion in class on the Allegory of the Cave, by Plato.
Video Clips:
Plato's Allegory of the Cave
Red Pill or Blue Pill? The Matrix and the Allegory of the Cave
Matrix and Cave Discussion
Another video about the Cave (not shown in class, but in case anybody wants to see a different interpretation)
Friday, October 26
The Peloponnesian War
Main Idea: The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta doomed Greece.
- Delian League--Athens and its Allies
- Peloponnesian League--Sparta and its Allies
- Causes---Athens builds wall, distrust between Athens and Sparta, dissatisfaction of Athens' allies.
- Peloponnesian War--27 years long. 431-404 BC.
- Plague of Athens-430 BC, killed 1/3 of the population of Athens, including Pericles
- Finally, Sparta allies with Persia, builds a navy, and defeats Athens, which surrenders in 404.
- Greece is now so weak it will be taken over by Macedonia. But Greek culture lives on!
Review Day: Review Sheet is Shown Here
Greece Review Sheet
World History 9
Morris 2012
Test Facts: Test is three pages. There are three matching sections. One is People, one is Places, and one is Everything Else. There is a short answer/fill in the blank section after that. The next section requires you to identify whether a fact is about Athens, Sparta or both. This is followed by a section in which you must put the 3 main Greek philosophers in order and give two things each one is famous for. Questions about Alexander found on the original handout have been removed, because we are going to cover him in a smaller, separate unit.
1. Mapping. Be able to locate: Peloponnesus, Athens, Sparta, Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Macedonia and Crete.
2. How did the geography of Greece effect its history?
3. What were Greece’s three main agricultural products?
4. Give two major contributions of the Minoans, and where the Minoans lived.
5. Know who the Dorians were and why they are important. What age in Greece began with their arrival? Why?
6. How did Greeks keep their religion and history alive during the Dark Ages?
7. How was Homer and why is he important?
8. Who fought in the Trojan War? What was its cause? Who won?
9. What did the Greeks believe about their gods and goddesses?
10. Was Athens a true democracy? Why or why not?
11. Why is Cleisthenese important in the history of Athens?
12. What was the status of women and girls in Greece? What could they do in Athens? What could they do in Sparta?
13. Why were the Greeks able to dominate in wars? Inventions, battle techniques, iron, hoplites, phalanx, trireme, etc.
14. Know what happened in each important battle in the Persian Wars and who won: Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis and Platea.
15. As a result of the Greek victory in the Persian Wars, which Greek city-state dominated Greece? What was the Delian League?
16. What was the Golden Age of Athens? How was it funded? Why was it so great? How has it effected the way we live today?
17. What is: Parthenon, Agora, Acropolis?
18. Who was Pericles? What were his three goals for Athens?
19. What are the main characteristics of Greek art?
20. Why did other Greek city-states rebel against Athens?
21. What caused the Peloponnesian War? Could the war have been avoided? How?
22. What was Sparta’s alliance called? How was Sparta finally able to defeat Athens and its allies?
23. Who was Socrates and why is he important? How did he teach? Why was he killed?
24. Who was Plato? Why is he important? Put the three philosophers in order on the test.
25. Who was Aristotle and why is he important?
26. In Greek theater, what were the two main types of plays? What were the two main types of comedies? What is a tragic flaw?
27. Explain Plato’s Allegory of the Cave? What is Plato trying to tell us about reality?
28. Know the three types of Greek columns: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
Answers to the Study Guide, posted below, for those who did not get any of it or who were gone:
Review Sheet
Hard Copy
World History
Greece—Morris—2012
1. Map: Use the map in your notebook to identify the following: Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Athens, Sparta, Peloponnesus, Macedonia, Crete
2. Greece was mountainous so the city-states developed differently. Also, it is surrounded by water so Greeks became sea-goers and traders.
3. Wheat, olives, grapes
4. Minoans lived on Crete and contributed religion, shipping skills, myths, art, and architecture
5. Dorians were a less-advanced culture who conquered Greece and made it enter a Dark Age of little learning or progress.
6. Greek stories were kept alive during the Dark Ages by wandering storytellers called Bards. A myth is a story that explains why things are the way they are or that teaches a moral lesson. An epic is a long story-poem with a hero who must overcome many obstacles.
7. Homer was a poet who wrote down the Iliad and the Odyssey.
8. The Greeks and the Trojans fought in the Trojan War. The Greeks won by using the Trojan horse. The war was fought over trade.
9. The Greeks believed that the gods and goddesses were immortal and that they lived on Mt. Olympus in northern Greece. They believed that the gods were imperfect and fought each other, as well as played havoc with humans.
10. No, Athens was not a true democracy, because only male citizens could vote.
11. Cleisthenes introduced democracy to Athens.
12. Women and girls in Greece were second-class citizens. In Athens, they had to stay home and care for the house. In Sparta, they had more rights but they were still less respected than men.
13. The Greeks had the phalanx, well-trained infantrymen called hoplites, iron weapons, and battering ram warships called triremes.
14. Marathon—Athens defeats Persia using phalanx, man runs to Athens
Thermopylae—300 Spartans defend mountain pass against thousands of Persians, allowing Greek evacuate Athens to Salamis.
Salamis—naval battle, Athens uses triremes to trap and destroy Persian Navy
Platea—last battle of war, won by Greece
15. Athens dominated. The Delian League was formed by Athens to collect money for protection.
16. The Golden Age of Athens was a fifty-year period of great learning, art, democracy and architecture that influenced western culture. It was funded by money from the Delian League and from trade.
17. Parthenon—Temple to Athena in Athens
Acropolis---a fort on a hill
Agora—a market or meeting place
18. Pericles led Athens during the Golden Age. His three goals were: Beautify Athens, Democracy, and Strengthen Athens
19. Classical Greek art shows balance, proportion and the ideal human
20. Greek city-states rebelled against Athens because of jealousy, trade, and they felt Athens was becoming too powerful.
21. The Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta were caused by jealousy, competition for trade ,and distrust. They could have been avoided.
22. Sparta’s alliance was called the Peloponnesian League. Sparta was able to defeat Athens after the Plague, after building a navy, and after asking for Persian help.
23. Socrates was a famous teacher who taught using questions. He was put to death for corrupting the youth of Athens and for disrespecting the gods.
24. Plato was a student of Socrates. He was famous for writing the Republic, about an idea society ruled by philosopher-kings.
25. Aristotle was the student of Plato. He was famous for inventing logic, the Scientific Method, and for tutoring Alexander the Great.
26. The two types of Greek theater are tragedy and comedy. The two types of comedy are slapstick, which uses crude humor and violence, and satire, which makes fun of something or someone. In tragedy, a character comes to a sad end because of a tragic flaw.
27. Doric Column
Doric Column
Ionic Column
Corinthian Column
Also know Plato's allegory of the cave
No comments:
Post a Comment