The Renaissance Begins
Main Idea: Due to the Crusades, the Plague and the 100 Years War in the 1300s, Europe changed from a feudal, uneducated society to a secular, nationalistic, humanistic society.
- Renaissance: French for 'rebirth'. The rebirth of Classical learning after the Middle Ages.
- Classical Learning: the learning of ancient Greece and Rome
- Renaissance Time Frame: 1300-1600
- Secular: not religious
- Humanism: the study of classical texts that focused on man's human potential for achievement, knowledge and greatness
- Italy: Ren. started here because of the wealth created there by the Crusades
- Florence: birthplace of the Renaissance.
- Patron: a wealthy person who supports the arts
- Fall of Constantinople (1453)--When it falls to the Muslims, all the learning of the eastern empire moves to Rome.
Good ten-minute film on Leonardo da Vinci:
Friday, May 10
Renaissance Art
Friday, May 10
Renaissance Art
Main Idea: Renaissance artists used more secular subjects in their art, instead of only religious ones, and they also used realism, perspective, and techniques learned from the Greeks and Romans while coming up with some of their own.
- Realism: art that shows its subject as it really is.
- Secular: not religious. Because Renaissance art was sponsored by humanist patrons instead of the church, it was a lot less religious.
- Perspective: as things get farther away, they get smaller in perfect relation to other things at the same distance.
- Vanishing point: all parallel lines converge to a common point in the distance
- Leonardo da Vinci: great inventor, thinker and artist. His two greatest works of art are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. The Last Supper is a fresco, painted on wet plaster, and is in danger of flaking off the wall.
Make sure to watch all three videos below if you are absent on lesson day.
Tuesday, May 14
Gutenberg and the Invention of the Printing Press
Main Idea: The invention of the printing press in Germany by Johannes Gutenberg allowed for the fast spread of ideas all over Europe. It also allowed regular people to read books and newspapers for the first time.
- Moveable Type: invented in China, later came to Europe. One block has a raised symbol on it that can be combined with others on a frame to create a page of text. The symbol can then be reused on another page.
- Printing Press: 1455, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, allowed for the quick spread of the written word and ideas. Without the printing press, there could have been no renaissance or reformation.
- By 1500, there were printing presses in 250 European cities, and in just 45 years, more than 9 million books had been printed. Before, every book had to be printing by hand, one letter at a time.
Video: Gutenberg's Printing Press
Wednesday and Thursday, May 14-15
Martin Luther Leads the Protestant Reformation
Wednesday and Thursday, May 14-15
Martin Luther Leads the Protestant Reformation
Main Idea: New ideas about Christianity began to spread, aided by the printing press. One Roman Catholic priest, a German named Martin Luther, objected to things the church was doing and broke away, forming the first true Protestant chuch.
- Protestant: the name given to any Christian or group of Christians who have broken away from the Roman Catholic church in protest because they disagree with its teachings.
- Reformation: a time when people tried to reform (improve) Christianity.
- Problems in the Catholic Church:
- Corruption (doing bad things) at all levels.
- Indulgences--these were sold to people to make money for the church, especially to pay for the renovation of St. Peter's in Rome
Indulgence: a ticket or piece of paper that a person could buy that would forgive sins or excuse them from having to do penance. Basically, a 'ticket to heaven'.
Martin Luther, when training to be a priest, found a Greek bible and discovered that the Catholic Jerome Bible had been changed to fit Catholic teaching. This upset him.
Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses (95 disagreements with the Catholic Church) onto the church door at Wittenberg, starting the Protestant reformation.
End Part One: Wednesday above
For Wednesday, watch these video clips:
An Introduction to the Protestant Reformation
Reformation Indulgences
Recommended Viewing if you miss both lessons: The full movie Martin Luther: The Movie
Thursday, below:
Luther has to escape to a castle in Saxony, where he translates the Bible into German. Many in Germany support him and Lutheranism spreads.
Luther's main beliefs:
- The Bible is God's only authority on earth, and it should be in the vernacular, not Latin.
- Salvation (getting to heaven) is only possible through faith, not works.
- All people are equal. No priests are needed.
Henry VIII: King of England. Breaks from the Catholic church because the pope will not release him from his marriage. He forms the Church of England and names himself its leader.
John Calvin: believed in the doctrine of predestination
Predestination: God has chosen who is going to heaven and hell before a person is born.
Videos: Important Scenes and Time of Scene in the Movie Martin Luther
1. Martin Luther goes to Rome and is shocked at what he thinks is its sinfulness (8: 24)
2. Johann Tetzel comes to town selling indulgences. (31:25)
3. Martin Luther's Trial (1 hour, 8 minutes, 24 seconds--1:08:24)
Monday, May 20
Collected 6-8 Panel Comic Books of the Life of Martin Luther
Reviewed all vocab. Test scheduled for next Wednesday.
Worked on a Map of Europe in 1500. Map and Assignment are shown below for those who are working from home. Use page 415 and the Atlas in the back to complete.
Tuesday, May 21The Scientific Revolution
Main Idea: In the 1500s, European scientists began to question accepted beliefs, using Muslim learning and that of the classical age to assist them. They came up with many brilliant new discoveries using the Scientific Method and new tools such as the microscope and the telescope.Geocentric Theory--the view, held by the Catholic church, that the earth is the center of the universe and that all planets revolve in circular orbits around it.
Renaissance Scholars--begin to question, using Muslim knowledge, new tools, and new humanist beliefs
Heliocentric Theory--Copernicus. the planets revolve around the sun. This was so controversial that he did not release it until shortly before his death.
Kepler--expanded on Copernicus. planets move according to mathematical principles and move in ellipses not circles.
Galileo--believed heliocentric theories, later recanted when threatened by church. Also first good use of telescope.
Francis Bacon-English. Prove it! Scientific Method.
Rene Descartes--French. Skeptic. Same as Bacon. Prove to be true.
Isaac Newton--English. law of gravity. universe is a giant clock run by God.
New Inventions--
- telescope---Leeuwenhoek
- fahrenheit and celsius--mercury thermometer
- William Harvey-- heart is a pump
- Jenner-smallpox vaccine
- Boyle--earth made up of small particles of matter, not the four elements
1. Jenner and the Smallpox Vaccine
2. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and the Microscope
3. Galileo's Telescope
4. Galileo: A Short Biography
Wednesday, May 22
The Age of Exploration
In class, notes will be taken from the Powerpoint using T-notes. This is a hard-copy version.
- Humanism encouraged Europeans to seek knowledge and to great things.
- The Crusades re-awakened European interest in Africa and Asia, and in trade.
- Crusades introduced many new foods and spices into the bland European diet
- Important spices were ginger, nutmeg, pepper and cinnamon
- Europeans outside Italy did not want to use Italians traders as their source, nor did they want to use Muslim middlemen. They wanted to get the items straight from the source to save money.
- needed a sea route to Asia
- could spread Christianity
- Problem--had not invented a ship that could sail into the wind.
- Caravel--1400s, a new ship that could sail into the wind by tacking using triangular sails.
- Astrolabe--an instrument that allowed sailors to tell their latitude (distance from the equator) using the stars
- Prince Henry the Navigator--son of Portuguese king. Formed a school for sailing and exploration at Sagres, Portugal.
- 1488 Bartolomeu Dias--Portuguese. First to sail around the bottom of Africa and the Cape of Good Hope
- 1498 Vasco de Gama reached the Indian city of Calicut
- 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed east to find eastern route to Asia, ended up in Caribbean.
- 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas. Pope divided world in half, with Spain getting western half and Portugal getting eastern half.
- 1521 Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigates the world and claims the Philippines for Spain.
- Dutch (Holland) colonizes East India and South Africa by 1600, forming the Dutch East India Company.
- By 1600 most of North, Central and South America had been claimed by European powers.
- Cortes Mexico 1519-1521
1. How to Tack a Sailboat
2. Dias's Caravel
3. Dias's Journey Around the Cape of Good Hope
4. How to Use an Astrolabe
5. Prince Henry the Navigator
Thursday and Friday, May 23 and 24
The Northern Renaissance
Main Idea: The Northern Renaissance started later than the Italian Renaissance, held back by Plague recovery, the 100 Years War, and less trade wealth. It was more religious than in Italy, leading to new Protestant faiths such as Lutheranism, Calvinism and Anglicanism. Artists from Italy fled north after war broke out in Italy, bringing ideas with them. Art flourished. A new type of paint, Oil Paint, allowed for more detailed paintings and more mixing of colors. William Shakespeare lived during this age, and became the greatest factor in creating the English language as it exists today.
Vocabulary
- Northern Renaissance--began about 1450, a period between 1450 and 1600 during which Renaissance ideas spread to northern Europe.
- Reasons it happened later
- Plague
- England and France busy fighting 100 Years War
- Less wealth and patronage
- What got it started:
- Italian artists fleeing war
- More trade and wealth
- English and French kings became patrons
- Religious figures:
- Martin Luther
- John Calvin
- Henry VIII
- Thomas More--executed for opposing Henry VIII's annulment
- Flanders--an area that is now Belgium and Holland, very important for trade and culture
- Artists
- Albrecht Durer--German, realist, woodcuts and engravings, as well as paintings
- Johannes Van Eyck-- Dutch. Marriage painting.
- Hans Holbein the Younger--portraitist, painted the Royal family in England
- Pieter Brughel the Elder--painted scenes realistically
- Shakespeare
- invented 3,000 words and phrases we use today
- standardized English language
- Video Links
Tuesday, May 28
Review Sheet/Study
Guide
Test on
Renaissance and Reformation
Morris-2013
Note: Not all questions are necessarily on this
sheet, so don’t assume they are.
However, this study guide will help you review, in conjunction with your
notes. You will be allowed to use one 3
by 5” index card, filled out by hand on ONE side, for this test. Photo reductions not allowed, nor is printing
out the notes and reducing them.
Otherwise, write as small as you want.
Vocabulary Words
1.
Renaissance
2.
Secular
3.
Humanism
4.
Crusades
5.
Plague
6.
100 Years War
7.
Classical Learning
8.
Florence
9.
Patron
10.
Medici
11.
Fall of Constantinople
12.
Leonardo da Vinci
13.
Realism
14.
Perspective
15.
Vanishing Point
16.
Last Supper, Mona Lisa, David, La Pieta, Sistine
Chapel
17.
Michelangelo
18.
Fresco
19.
Gutenberg
20.
Printing Press
21.
Moveable Type
22.
Protestant
23.
Martin Luther
24.
Indulgence
25.
95 Theses
26.
Reformation
27.
John Calvin
28.
Predestination
29.
Henry VIII
30.
Annulment
31.
Church of England
32.
Scientific Revolution
33.
Geocentric Theory
34.
Heliocentric Theory
35.
Copernicus
36.
Galileo
37.
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
38.
Scientific Method
39.
Isaac Newton
40.
Fahrenheit and Celsius
41.
Leeuwenhoek
42.
William Harvey
43.
Jenner
44.
Boyle
45.
Age of Exploration
46.
Prince Henry the Navigator
47.
Spain and Portugal
48.
Astrolabe
49.
Caravel
50.
Bartolomeu Dias
51.
Vasco de Gama
52.
Cape of Good Hope
53.
India
54.
Christopher Columbus
55.
Muslims
56.
Silk Road
57.
Treaty of Tordesillas
58.
Ferdinand Magellan
59.
Holland (Dutch colonies)
60.
Cortez
61.
Circumnavigation
62.
Northern Renaissance
63.
Flanders
64.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
65.
Johannes Van Eyck
66.
Hans Holbein
67.
Albrecht Durer
68.
Thomas More
69.
Utopia
70.
William Shakespeare
Part Two: Short
Answer/Synthesis Questions
1.
Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
2.
Why was the Renaissance more secular?
3.
Why was it born in Florence?
4.
Where did Italians rediscover Classical
learning?
5.
How did the Fall of Constantinople to the
Muslims help the Ren to happen?
6.
How is Medieval art different from Ren art?
7.
Match artists with their works (Italian and
Northern Renaissance)
8.
Why was printing press such an important
invention?
9.
How did printing press help cause the
Reformation, the Scientific Revolution,
and the Age of Exploration?
10.
Why did Luther break from the Catholic Church?
11.
What are Luther’s three main beliefs?
12.
What were Calvin’s main beliefs?
13.
Why is the US a puritan nation?
14.
Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic
Church?
15.
Why did Henry VIII execute Thomas More?
16.
Why were Renaissance scientists sometimes challenged
by the Catholic Church?
17.
What happened to Galileo?
18.
Who controlled trade in the early Renaissance
and why?
19.
How did other nations attempt to break this
trade monopoly?
20.
Why was Prince Henry the Navigator so important?
21.
What two inventions allowed for better
exporation?
22.
How does an astrolabe work?
23.
What were the main reasons Europeans went
exploring?
24.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and why
was/is it important?
25.
Why did the Northern Renaissance start later
than the Italian Renaissance?
26.
How was the Northern Renaissance different?
27.
Why is Flanders so important in the Northern
Renaissance?
28.
Why is William Shakespeare to important to the
English language?
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